Types of Water Softners



Salt-based water softeners are highly effective for reducing scale, but the water they produce is unhealthy to drink long term.

A natural solvent, water has the ability to dissolve rock and sediment.

In some areas of the Mediterranean and around the world, this dissolution process introduces high levels of calcium and magnesium into the water, creating “hard water.”

As water evaporates, the concentration of minerals increases and creates saturated water, forming scale.

Since more than 80 percent of geographic locations in the Mediterranean have hard water, many homeowners and landlords look into installing water softeners to protect their homes and appliances from the damaging effects of scale buildup.

However, do the main advantages of salt-based water softeners outweigh the disadvantages to your health and environment?

Advantages

  • Scale reduction  -- Mineral buildup from hard water will clog and eventually damage water-using appliances, including washing machines, water heaters, dishwashers, and air conditioners. The buildup can also affect the plumbing system and cause a significant decrease in water pressure. If the mineral buildup is ignored, it can be expensive to de-clog or replace appliances and plumbing pipes. A water softener will alleviate or at least significantly reduce scale.
  • Personal grooming –- Bathing with hard water is unpleasant because when hard water combines with soap it creates a curd that sticks to the body.  Soap and shampoo will not lather well, leaving the body feeling sticky and hair feeling unclean, brittle, and difficult to manage.  Washing one’s body and hair with soft water is significantly better than with hard water. 
  • Household cleaning -- Hard water creates the same type of soap curd on sinks, faucets, bathtubs and shower stalls, which is extremely difficult to remove.  Using soft water can reduce the amount of time spent house cleaning and save you money on the cost of cleaning products. 
  • Clothing -- Washing clothes in hard water makes it difficult to get them clean again because the hardness minerals impede the effectiveness of laundry detergents and whiteners and brighteners. Thus, many people who have hard water have to use more detergent and wash their clothes more frequently, which increases the wear and tear on fabrics. Washing clothes with soft water will significantly increase the life of clothing, bedding and towels, and keep the colors looking brighter and the fabric feeling softer and cleaner.

Disadvantages

  • Demineralized water -- Salt is used to remove all (or at least most) of the minerals in the water through the process of ion exchange.  Drinking demineralized water can create a mineral imbalance in the body.  Even though we get many essential minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, from food, the food intake does not compensate for the naturally occurring minerals in water. The World Health Organization (WHO) conducted a study that revealed numerous health risks associated with drinking demineralized water. See reference below.
  • Increased sodium content –- Because salt is added to the water to displace the hard minerals, the sodium content of soft water is much higher than normal. In addition, the water that is added is refined salt, not the naturally occurring salt that is found in nature. Obviously, people on a salt-restricted diet due to health concerns should not drink soft water.
  • Bad taste –- Depending on the degree of hardness, the taste of softened water becomes unbearable for most people.
  • Environmental impact  --  Many states and counties have banned the use of salt-based water softeners because of the highly concentrated salt solution that is discharged into the waste water. This water is harmful to the environment and it also reduces the ability to reuse the treated wastewater.

Drinking realy soft water is not a good idea. Most water softener manufacturers will recommend installing a reverse osmosis system under your kitchen sink to remove the excess sodium for your drinking water. However, we do not recommend drinking reverse osmosis water either for a number of reasons.


There are plenty of good filter systems these days, water filter technology has advanced dramatically.

Consumer Options for “Softening” Water

Siliphos consists of glass-like polyphosphate silicate spheres that prevent scale and stop corrosion.

There are a variety of strategies used to prevent scale buildup on pipes and fixtures. These are generally lumped together and called “softening” devices, although “softening,” if the meaning is removal of the “hardness” minerals calcium and magnesium, can only be properly applied to the conventional ion exchange water softener or or to reverse osmosis units. Here’s a look at the most popular scale-fighting strategies, starting with the conventional “water softener” itself.

Ion Exchange

Although the origin of the conventional water softener is not too clear, it likely goes back to the early 1900s.

The softener works by “exchanging” sodium for calcium and magnesium, so that the hardness minerals are actually absent from the water and cannot cause scaling of pipes or spotting on dishes and automobiles or cause soap to fail to lather. Actually, conventional softeners can be used to do a lot more, like removing iron and manganese from well water and, in specialized formats, dealing with tough contaminants like ammonia, lead, strontium, barium, and radium.

The effectiveness and reliable, predictable performance of the softener have made it popular, but it is not without its problems and its detractors. The ion exchange softener uses a fair amount of water to regenerate its resin, it puts salt into the environment, and its product water can have a “slickness” that many  dislike. Although the newer, more sophisticated softeners use less water and less salt than early models, they still use salt and water, and many cities have banned or restricted their use.

Poly-phosphates

The use of phosphates to inhibit scale buildup goes back to the early 19th century. Phosphate treatment does not remove hardness minerals but “sequesters” them to prevent hardness scale deposits. Preventing scale with phosphates has wide application. Poly-phosphate cartridges (which often combine phosphate with carbon to add taste/odor improvement to scale prevention) are very popular in restaurants, for example, to protect equipment such as coffee machines from scale while providing good-tasting water. Poly-phosphate can also be fed as a liquid into a water stream to protect home appliances and to prevent hardness buildup on buildings and sidewalks from irrigation water.

Scale Centurion

Scale Centurion is simply a powder type media that your water runs through. It doesn't require any salt supplies or other maintenance.

Scale Centurion softener media has been fully tested using the DVGW-W512 protocol.

(DVGW is the top gas and water industry certification body in Europe).

Plus; the media has been fully tested by Arizona State University against the 
international protocol for scale prevention. Achieved a 99.6% effectiveness 
rating - the only non-salt based anti scale technology to do so. 


The testing methodology used the German DVGW-W512 protocol. At the lowest challenge (TDS 479 and CaC03 180) Scale Centurion technology had an efficiency of 99.6% and at the highest challenge (TDS 1200 and CaC03 500) 90% efficiency. In all water samples, other alternative devices (water conditioners) only achieved 50% and below, with electro/magnetic being the worst. Scale Centurion technology was judged to be exceptionally efficient. It saves money, saves water and does not harm the environment. "The evidence shows that [Scale Centurion] technology is equally as efficient as ion exchange [i.e. salt] water softeners at preventing the formation of scale, and has the added benefits of no salt use, no water waste from regeneration, and importantly, no harmful brine discharge into drains, groundwater and the wider environment". * The study was funded by the WateReuse Research Foundation in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the California State Water Resources Control Board, the California Energy Commission, and the California Department of Water Resources.